Global Report on the Commercial Determinants of Health

Global Report on the Commercial Determinants of Health

WHO
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WHO is preparing the first WHO Global Report (hereafter Global Report) on the Commercial Determinants of Health. A follow-up to the World report on social determinants of health equity and its recommendations on analysing and addressing the commercial determinants of health, the aim of the Global Report is to clarify commercial determinants of health concepts and terminology, present the case for action, synthesise existing global evidence, and support countries with evidence-informed policy recommendations.

Work on the Global Report is continuing in 2025. When released, the Global Report will help WHO Member States to protect public health and safeguard against conflicts of interest while leveraging the potential of the business community.


Background to the Global Report

Social determinants

In line with the recommendations of the World report on social determinants of health equity, the Global Report will support the implementation of the 2021 the World Health Assembly Resolution WHA74.16 on Social Determinants of Health, which recognises that achieving health equity requires the engagement and collaboration of all sectors of government, all segments of society, and all members of the international community; as well as previous resolutions including WHA62.14 in 2009, which noted the need to improve daily living conditions and to tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources; and the Member States pledge through the 2011 Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health to foster collaboration with businesses while safeguarding against conflict of interests.

 

Other mandates

The Global Report will also support the WHO’s Fourteenth General Programme of Work which notes that ‘acting on social, economic, environmental and other determinants of health’ requires addressing the increasing influence of commercial practices and agreements on health as part of preventing harm and foster policy coherence and pro-health practices. This is aligned with the WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All, who stressed in their final report that acting on commercial determinants of health is a key policy lever in reorienting economies for health. It also follows on from specific WHA Resolutions on areas with significant commercial determinants considerations such as tobacco, alcohol, road safety, physical activity, medicines, etc.

 

Related publications

The Global Report builds on the work of WHO and WHO Regional Offices in supporting Member States in analysing and addressing the determinants of health as set out in the following reports and technical papers.

World report on social determinants of health equity

Unacceptable gaps persist in how long people can expect to live healthy lives depending on where they live, the communities they belong to, their education...

Economic and commercial determinants of health in small island developing states: noncommunicable diseases, mental health conditions, injuries and violence

This Technical Paper is the first in a series of Technical Papers on economic and commercial determinants of health in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)....

Mapping the commercial determinants of health in countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region: conceptualizations, impacts and actions

The health and well-being outcomes of an individual are determined by everyday living conditions, which are driven by the social, political and environmental...

Process of development

Scoping and drafting

The first phase in the Global Report’s development was a scoping phase encompassing the commissioning of regional reviews on the commercial determinants, technical consultation, the preparation of scoping papers, and the formation of an Editorial Board as part of a process leading up to the adoption of a conceptual framework and the selection of topics of inquiry.

During the scoping phase of the Global Report , the need to consider the gender, equity and human rights dimensions of commercial determinants was identified. Specific consultations were held to explore this further, including the commercially determined impacts on the health and well-being of Indigenous Peoples.

A Drafting Group was convened to support the synthesis of evidence identified in the scoping phase. The Drafting Group contributed structured research on each prioritized topic. These background papers have been synthesized into the Global Report. Concurrently, two internal papers also informed the development of the report. The process, the development of recommendations, and the drafting of the report were reviewed by internal technical networks and overseen by the Editorial Board.

Background papers

The scoping papers support the Global Report's preparation, development, drafting and reception. They review the conceptual and normative landscape for commercial determinants of health, focusing on commercial risks to health, health equity, governance, and commercial potential for health improvement. These papers reflect input from seven Editorial Board meetings and feedback from the third, fourth and fifth ad hoc expert meetings on Economic and Commercial Determinants of Health. They incorporate over 1,000 comments from WHO technical networks at three levels of the organization. The papers combine literature review with extensive expert, editorial, and technical input.

The working papers follow a similar structure and address common questions. Each begins by examining commercial practices and their related impacts, burdens or problems. Where possible, they present country-level data and research findings alongside brief case studies. The papers then identify impact pathways and close with an examination of barriers to action and opportunities for change. Where applicable, boxes summarize interventions and good practice responses.

Conflicts of interest

A rigorous process has been employed to identify, prevent, and manage conflicts of interest among external experts, in line with the WHO Framework of Engagement with non-State Actors (FENSA). All external experts have submitted declarations of interest before contributing to or reviewing any background papers or the Global Report. The responsible technical unit assessed all declarations according to FENSA requirements. This approach safeguards the Global Report's normative integrity and scientific accuracy. Work on the Global Report is continuing in 2025.